Biblical Reference For the Catholic Mass Term Paper

Scriptural Reference For the Catholic Mass - Term Paper Example The historical backdrop of Christianity is a declaration supporting that reality, as the Catholic Mass has been a similar path since the hour of the Apostles and the main Christians. Sources opine the Mass as an intriguing call as it joins Christians to God in the tissue when they go in front for the Holy Communion1. This paper will give a scriptural reference for the Catholic Mass. The Catholic Mass includes a service, incense, and brilliant cups. The early Christians were men of culture and time. They held formal occasions since they were relatives of this style of love. Afterward, Christians acquired these styles through natural and normal methods from their Jewish inceptions. Before the Constantine authorized Christianity in Certa, Christians utilized inventories other than the Scriptures. As indicated by the composed inventories, Christians utilized various inventories, which included two brilliant cups, six silver dishes, six silver vessels, seven silver lights, andâ a silver bowl. This was to be sure a function! The Bible discloses to us that Noah arranged copied offering whereby the sacred texts build up that the â€Å"odor enchanted the Lord† (Gen 8:21)2. This demonstrates Catholic Mass has Biblical reference. Most Christians think about the Law of Moses, yet amazingly few comprehend its connect to Catholic Mass. A closer standpoint shows that God didn't come to pick the steadfast or abrogate the law but instead satisfy it. (Tangle 5:17). Realities about the Law of Moses show that it had a load of vestments and services associated with it. Jesus preferred instructing in sanctuaries. Truth be told, He adored it and named it â€Å"My Father’s House† (Luke 2:49 and John 2:16). This shows Jesus was into function and even the Heaven discusses a service. In Rev 5:8, twenty-four older folks stunned before the sheep, and they all held brilliant dishes loaded up with incense and a harp. The book of Revelation uncovers that a blessed messen ger who showed up in brilliant censer and remained before the special stepped area. This heavenly attendant got an enormous amount of incense during prayersâ at the special raised area (Rev 8:3). Concerning the Bible, these are a portion of the reasons with regards to why Catholics maintain the soul of services. Truth be told, Book of Revelation gives a portrayal as to the Catholic Mass. Disclosure gives a great deal of accentuation and profound connection to the blessed Mass. Catholic Church views Mass as appropriate and legitimate penance, which is equivalent to Holy Communion. Anglican holy places additionally offer Mass as legitimate penance to God. In numerous places of worship, the penance of Mass beginnings with expressing gratitude toward the Lord. In this initial segment of the Mass, Anglicans offer gratitude to God on account of His endowments, which He has presented to them. The second piece of the mass as per Anglican Church involves apologizing of sins. Christians argu e to the Lord to exculpate their wrongdoings and refine them so as to offer valid and clean penance. Ultimately, Anglicans offer themselves as a penance to the Lord who made all the animals in the earth. Christians take an interest in festivity of Holy Communion in this piece of the Mass. This is the thing that Christians call the Eucharistic penance. Eucharistic penance is the genuine blood and assortment of Jesus Christ. There is a dispute among temples over the penance of Eucharist. Temples have contrasted over types of praising this penance. For example, Catholics have a fluctuated type of offering their Mass. There are numerous scriptural verifications with respect to Mass in Old and New Testaments. Melchisedech and Jesus Christ in the last dinner are models

What is good about stillwater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is acceptable about stillwater - Essay Example This is unimaginable in Kuwait because of the amazingly blistering climate. On the off chance that my head is as of now longing because of study, I can go for a stroll outside which revives the psyche seeing trees and greeneries while getting a charge out of the climate. On the off chance that I will do this in Kuwait, I will be toasted by the sun and will probably lose my state of mind to concentrate once more. It isn't just me who appreciates the climate in Stillwater. My significant other is starting to cherish the outside which she used to keep away from back in Kuwait in view of the singing warmth. She would now be able to stroll with a carriage with our child which was not prudent in Kuwait on account of the baby’s affectability to warm. The number of inhabitants in understudies at Oklahoma State University at Stillwater originates from various nations and ethnicity and this gives me brilliant open door not exclusively to gain proficiency with the educational plan yet in addition others from various societies. As it were, learning at Stillwater doesn't just grow my brain through its scholastic rigors yet additionally extends my social point of view being to comprehend individuals from viewpoints and foundations not the same as mine. This is called social nimbleness which is important ability at the worldwide economy. The interconnectedness of nations and economies will require us some time or another to work with others of various nationality. This chance of learning others of various societies would be extremely restricted had I concentrated in Kuwait. Universities in Kuwait are likewise generally excellent with the exception of that educational programs are instructed in Arabic and this cutoff points remote underst udies to select there. So as a result, Kuwait universities doesn't give a chance to be uncovered in a global domain in light of the fact that the vast majority of its understudies originated from Kuwait and Gulf nations. Concentrating in Kuwait would not extend my social skyline as it would on the off chance that I will learn at Stillwater. Having a confirmation from Oklahoma State University at Stillwater will most likely give me an

Famous Paradox Essay Topics

Famous Paradox Essay TopicsTaking a Paradox Essay course would teach you about the subjects on which this type of essay is based. This kind of essay is designed to be lively and easy to read. It is like a real life drama where things unfold and the author tries to explain the main idea of the topic that he is writing about. In this way, it is the best form of essay writing because it does not require any premeditation or focus on a specific theme.The following paragraphs will tell you what the main topics on which this essay topics are based. It gives you an insight into the content of the essays that you have read in the various courses and publications. The paragraphs are going to discuss some of the famous paradox essays. It is a very popular essay topic.The first paragraph on the list is an essay topic about events. It discusses events that seem to have no purpose. It seems to happen without any foreknowledge or any plan. It is not just a random event that happens in time and spa ce.Another example is a logical explanation of why a cat suddenly jumped out of the window of a window. It is a real time event that happened in a certain time and place. When you put the two examples together you get a very well-known essay topic.The second paragraph of the list about paradox essay topics deals with a question. It asks why there is a paradox in the first place. Paradoxes deal with contradiction. A paradox is a logical fallacy. For example, if you have a car accident, your insurance is immediately canceled.It is a very interesting question. You should ask yourself why insurance was canceled. Even when you pay for a car accident, they are not always canceled.The third paragraph of the list for Paradox Essay Topics is a discussion about metaphors. Metaphors are very common in communication. It involves describing something in a different way than it is usually seen.You could be describing something in a different way from how it is normally done. For example, in a cou rt of law a defense attorney could be arguing on behalf of his client in a different way than what a regular lawyer would do. As a result, he can make a case more convincing and persuasive.

Taking a Look at Greece - 531 Words

Research Paper Greece Greece is a thriving country, but if it wasn’t for its beautiful islands, seas, and mountains, Greece would not be as strong of a country today. All these factors have helped Greece grow as a country. Throughout history, various mountains such as Mount Olympus and seas such as the Mediterranean have played an important role in the development of Greece history and culture. Greece is a country that is surrounded by mostly water, and the sea has played an important role in its history ( Ancient Greek Colonization..†). The ancient Greeks were often known to be called â€Å"seafarers† looking for opportunities for trade and founding new coastal sites along the Mediterranean sea. Trading stations were the furthest outposts of Greek culture. At these trading stations, Greek goods, such as bronze, silver, olive oil, wine and pottery were exchanged for more luxurious items (â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization..†). Also, well-established maritime routes around the Mediterranean sea enabled foreigners to travel to Greece. After the military campaign of Alexander the Great, a lot more intense trade routes were opened across Asia. These trade routes extended as far as Afghanistan and the Indus River Valley (â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization..†). Not only did these trade routes help with trading goods, it always helped in introducing Greece t o new cultures and in spreading Greek culture throughout Europe.The spread of these cultures can be known as cultural diffusionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Michael Lewiss Liar Poker 1467 Words   |  6 Pagesfascinating for those readers who rarely read the business pages or watch financial news channels. His familiarity with finance combined with a talent of a travel writer helps Mr. Lewis to give his readers a guided tour to the new third world: Iceland, Greece, Ireland, Germany, and California. At that time the book published these places have been declared bankrupt or put themselves in so much financial trouble that the bankruptcy was just around the corner. For example, Iceland, it has already defaultedRead MoreThe Future Of The Greek Economy1478 Words   |  6 PagesThese are strong words from a man who once oversaw the financial direction of the Greek economy. During July 2015 the German parliament opted to approve additional negotiations after recent failures, with it proving to be a move that may have granted Greece a slim lifeline. The new bailout is set to top â‚ ¬86 billion, but it is only being offered in exchange for strict austerity measures. Following his resignation, Mr Varoufakis said This programme is going to fail whoever undertakes its implementation†Read MoreGreek Mythology Of Ancient Greece1551 Words   |  7 Pagesmany wonders Ancient Greece had to offer. However, one of the most memorable creations of Ancient Greece would have to be Greek mythology. These myths included hundreds of stories and teachings that would have a lasting effect on Greek culture for centuries to come. When taking a deeper look into some of these myths, one may notice gender and sexual behavior to be themes that occur quite frequently. One also cannot help but notice that some social conditions in Ancient Greece, such as the importanceRead MoreThe Tension Between Germany And Greece1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe tension between Germany and Greece has been ongoing for years. Both countries continuously blame each other for issues that are going on within the EU. Germany views its self as the country that has worked hard and sacrificed a lot to become a successful country, but on the other hand there is Greece who is viewed as lazy and irresponsible which has landed them in debt. One of the biggest issues that Germany and Greece both have with each other is the European Union Debt crisis, and who is toRead MoreMourners on Greek Vases: Remarks on the Social History of Women680 Words   |  3 PagesIn Christine Mitchell Havelock’s article, Mourners on Greek Vases: Remarks on the Social History of Women, Havelock describes the role of women in ancient Greece as being secondary, oppressed, restricted, disregarded and without identity. The question regarding women’s role in art within this time period is one that is new to us. Only recently has our focus been drawn toward the female gender and their role within these works. With the use of ancient vases depicting funeral scenes as visual aidsRead MoreSociety Vs Ancient Greece Society1125 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greece was a polytheistic society with a varied life reflecting their beliefs, culture, and society and differed greatly from that of the modern world. They believed very strongly in Olympian Gods and had many worship habits. Those two things are what mostly made Ancient Greece. In modern day Greece, the area is about 51,000 square miles and islands make up about 20 percent of the total area. Mostly all islands are in mountain ranges. There are about 6000 islands in Greece but only 30 percentRead MoreTo Helen Edgar Allan Poe Analysis771 Words   |  4 PagesNicà ©an being the wood, â€Å"barks† meaning the ship. This can be backed up when line 3-5 talks of the sea, and shores. These Shores seem to be the shores of Greece, or maybe Rome. Lines 3-5 speak of some weary person returning for the shore they left from. Within this context, it seems that the sight of a ship returning amongst the beautiful horizon of Greece or Rome, after being gone a long time is pretty to Edgar Allan Poe. Line five says the word â€Å"bore.† Poe could be telling us that the boat was bearingRead MoreGreek Government s Debt Has Been Around Since 20101346 Words   |  6 PagesGreece government’s debt has been around since 2010. The countries surrounding Greece are now worried that it may affect them. The economy in Greece started getting worse after United Stated had its crisis in 2007. Since Greece entered the Eurozone changes in the economy, financial stability, and employment had caused Greece to go into more debt, but it could have been avoided if Greece would have not entered the Eurozone. There are several events that led to Greece being bankrupt, but for a betterRead MoreGreece : A Debt Of More Than 350 Billion Euros1515 Words   |  7 PagesRoad Ahead Greece has a debt of more than 350 Billion Euros or close to 175% of its GDP. Its annual interest obligation is close to 23 Billion Euros. Unemployment is more than 25% and its annual GDP is declining by 2% per year. Greece is clearly in a grave crisis situation which is extremely hard to overcome. On June 30th, it became the first developed country to default to make an IMF loan repayment. It is in an urgent need of funds to make another loan repayment to European Central Bank on 20thRead MoreCauses of the Greek liquidity crisis; how conditions were before the crisis Events that happened1600 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic support weakened –when Greece entered the euro zone in 2001 the convergence criteria which supposed to provide sound financial systems within the economy and the GSP were established to prevent financial and economic crises. Greece entered the euro zone without meeting the requirements of the convergence criteria, how this might have happened is due structural failures or a political failure of European leaders, this put Greece already at a disadvantage plus Greece was already in debt so this

Improving Society Through Individuals Essay - 876 Words

Improving Society Through Individuals Starting in the late seventeen hundreds and continuing into the nineteenth century, England underwent a period of industrialization and urbanization, referred to as the Industrial Revolution. During this time, life became more difficult for a large majority of the citizens and hardships began to pile one on top of another. In the book Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, the lives and relationships of a range of people from this time are illustrated in order to demonstrate the nature of this society. Dickens uses the fictitious characters in Hard Times as examples of the varying degrees of inequality and misfortune, as well as the personifications of different schools of thought during the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦However, he is eventually humbled by the fact that his most prominent students essentially destroy him through their own faults. He is left to â€Å"mistrust [himself]† and the ideals which he so fervently advocated (Dickens, 221). Another example is his allusion to the upper class being relatively apathetic. Mr. Harthouse exemplifies this assertion. He spends his life moving, never really committing his whole mind or heart to one pursuit. Whenever he gets bored or unhappy, he leaves or â€Å"[goes] in† for something else (Dickens, 129). Mrs. Sparsit is another testimony to this assumption. It is merely for her being â€Å"a born lady† that she is treated with the respect with which she is treated (Dickens, 78). She does practically no work and yet enjoys all of the luxuries that could possibly be bestowed upon her. Bounderby likewise enjoys the respect of the entire town because of his high position. They both fail to recognize, or rather do not care to recognize the struggles and hardships of others. Dickens portrays his perception of the industrialization through the lives of the working class and much of the scenic descriptions in the book. Stephen Blackpool’s predicament involving his fellow â€Å"Hands† and the union, shows the way in which working class people have very little choice about their moral decisions if they should hope to keep their jobs andShow MoreRelatedTraditional vs Modern Society958 Words   |  4 Pagesmember of a traditional society would feel as though there are many advantages of his or her type of society as opposed to modern society. A member of a traditional society would feel as though modern society has quite a few flaws. Traditional society focuses more towards the improvement of society as a whole rather than focusing on self and personal gain. There are many comparisons between the two societies that can be made that show the differences in beliefs held by each society. By comparing the economiesRead MoreThe Arts Administration I s Also Known As Arts Management1593 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance and attitude towards the arts vary within different cultures within society some question the relevance while some are either unaware that their medium of entertainment is an art form or chooses to ignore the subject. Questioning the relevance of art in modern society simultaneously enquiries the importance of arts administration and organisations. Creativity can be fostered within an arts organisation through providing attention to the artist and allowing them to have creative freedom.Read MoreBritish Welfare Reforms Between 1880-1914 Essays896 Words   |  4 Pagesthat gave a larger majority a voice as to who ran the country but not as to what actually happened. The governments felt that they were improving conditions by introducing minor reforms however conditions had barely changed. Any reforms that involved the general public had to fight against a general anti interventionist society. Since the role of the individual had been a large part of life for many it was difficult to accept anything else. It was not until the turn of the century with the emergenceRead MoreEssay about Greatness of Lyndon B. Johnson1162 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatness through their leadership. Each has shown this in their individual way. It takes the ability to deal with whatever may come up, as far as politics are concerned, and handle it with care. Also it takes making a difference in society instead of just settling for the United States being ok as it is. The extra step that some take, separates the normal from the great. Lyndon B. Johnson was one of the Presidents who stood out by taking the extra step. LBJ showed presidential greatness through passingRead MoreCollaboration Between The Illinois Community College Board And The Division Of Humans Capital Development1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe study aims to show the collaboration between the Illinois Community College Board and the Division of Humans c apital development to improve adult literacy in the State of Illinois. In 2008, the two agencies entered an agreement with the aim of improving the literacy levels in the State and the objective of the agreement was to improve social literacy among the adults (Charles Horwarth, 2009). The project was to be implemented under the guardianship of the Illinois community College Board (ICCB)Read MoreSocial Justice And Its Impact On Human Development1731 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Oxford Dictionary, Social Justice is â€Å"justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society†. Simply put, it is the collective group of ideas and institutions that aim to achieve the most equitable form of society, with the main goal of these institutions being positive human development. The ideas and institutions that, theoretically, are meant to contribute toward social justice include health care, human rights in the workforce, education,Read More Entry#7 Review of Network Film Network is a film by Paddy Chayefsky. It’s a fictional work based on600 Words   |  3 Pagesstruggles of television network with poor ratings. Satires use sarcasm and irony to communicate to the society. Satirical movies or radio programmers’ are used (Coppola 57) to ridicule religion, politics and economic activities. Satires are intended to expose problems caused by cultural practices and its contradictions. Satire is applied to shame the government, individuals or society towards improving the social criticism. Satires provide keen insight into society’s power structure and the way it isRead MoreImportance Of Community Development Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesquantitative changes in the economy which involves development in multiple areas including development of human capital, social infrastructures, safety, literacy and other aspect of the economy. Community development is a way of strengthening civil society by prioritizing the actions of communities and their perspectives in the development of social, economic and environmental policies. Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective actions and generate solutionsRead MoreGenetic Research Is Destroying Humanity1260 Words   |  6 PagesIs genetic research the breakthrough to improving our lives, or the beginning of the end of humanity as we know it? This has been the debate since the mid-nineteenth century when the science of genetics as well as humanities’ desire to use this science to their advantage, began. Since that time genetic research has resulted in advancements in science and medicine, but yet the controversy remains. Many believe that the act of genetic research is improving lives’, while others think the exact oppositeRead MoreCommunication As A Important Tool1026 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a very crucial element in the society and should be treated with the weight it deserves. Everybody should be able to pass his or her information clearly, accurately and also appropriately so as to avoid cases of misunderstanding or ambiguity. Increasing gram matical accuracy can only enhance fluency in communication. Of all the different skills, it is arguably correct that speaking ability is one of the hardest ones and we should hence come up with ways of sharpening this skill. Many

Essay on Honor in Henry IV - 1078 Words

Honour in Henry IV Honor is one of those concepts that is seldom defined. One’s reputation is based on his or her honor, integrity, honesty, and purity. William Shakespeare’s Henry IV is a one of his many plays that deal with the varying ideas of honor, as well as issues of courage, loyalty, and ambition, interposing examples of dishonor, weakness, and the deceitful plots among both the drunkards and noblemen. Shakespeare utilizes suggestive metaphors to create illusions, imagery, and to reinforce the different views of the major issues people were faced with in his time and in ours. His plays often focus on the imagery, either on some obvious important symbol, or some image pattern that recurs throughout the work. Readers are†¦show more content†¦King Henry IV must also contend with his son, Prince Hal, who’s not the honorable prince he had hoped him to be. He feels it is â€Å"an honorable spoil† not to have â€Å"a son who is the theme of hono r’s tongue,† when he learns of Northumberland’s son Hotspur’s victories, which, should be â€Å"a conquest for a prince to boast of† (1.1.74,80, 76). Pangs of jealousy strike Henry’s heart caused by the differences between his son and Northumberland’s. So much so, he wishes â€Å"it could be proved that† someone, or something, â€Å"had exchanged in cradle clothes, their sons at birth† (1.1.85-87). Act one, scene one, stresses the motif of honor in war, in characters, and, most importantly, in offspring. However, while Henry sees â€Å"riot and dishonor† in his son, Hal sees a father who has stolen his title by disgracing a king (1.1.84). Shakespeare wouldn’t dream of imposing his personal beliefs of who is honorable or who is dishonorable for the simple fact that it is obvious honor is perceived differently by each individual, as in each character’s perception and the imagery that surrounds that character. As Hal tries to discover the true meaning of honor, readers take the journey along with him. Hal realizes that honor is ambiguous when utilized to plead for emotional retort, yet leaves no margin for error when used as personal description, â€Å"Yet herein will I imitate theShow MoreRelatedHonor in Henry IV, Part One Essay2363 Words   |  10 PagesHonor in Henry IV, Part One  Ã‚      In Henry IV, Part One Shakespeare revels in the opportunity to suggest the idiosyncracy of character through his command of a wide range of both verse and prose. As a result the play is full of rich and different character parts (Wells 141). Two in particular, Falstaff and Hotspur, hold diverse beliefs concerning the main theme of the drama, honor. In Shakespeare’s time, honor was defined as the special virtues which distinguish those of the nobility in theRead MoreThe Concept of Honor in Henry IV, Part One Essay2355 Words   |  10 PagesShakespeare’s talent as both a writer and a poet lead to his gift for character development, down to the last detail. Henry IV, Part One contains a variety of deep characters, two of which play key roles in the evolution of the concept of honor in the play. Falstaff and Hotspur symbolize opposing viewpoints concerning the main theme of the play – honor. At the time the play was written, honor was defined as â€Å"the special v irtues which distinguish those of the nobility in the exercise of their vocation–gallantryRead MoreHonor in Henry Iv, Part I Ââ€" Falstaff vs. Hotspur1572 Words   |  7 PagesHonor In Henry IV, Part I Ââ€" Falstaff vs. Hotspur According to F. Scott Fitzgerald, The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function. Indeed, very few people have this quality, the playwright William Shakespeare being one of them. In many of his plays, Henry IV, Part One among them, Shakespeare juxtaposes different worldviews, ideologies, and even environments. His characters usually provide aRead MoreEssay on Comparing the Defective Rulers in Henry IV and Richard II836 Words   |  4 PagesDefective Rulers in Henry IV and Richard II      Ã‚   It has been shown again and again throughout history and literature that if there is a perfect human he is not also the perfect ruler.   Those traits which we hold as good, such as the following of some sort of moral code, interfere with the necessity of detachment in a ruler.   In both Henry IV and Richard II, Shakespeare explores what properties must be present in a good ruler.   Those who are imperfect morally, who take into account only self-interestRead MoreEssay on Honor in Prince Hal1001 Words   |  5 PagesHonor in Prince Hal Prince Hal’s destiny is shaped for him by many forces: his association with the neer-do-well Falstaff, the expectations of his father, King Henry IV, and the constant comparison between himself and Hotspur. All three of these forces create in Hal a sense of honor that is an integral part of his education as the ideal king, and throughout the action of Henry IV, Part I, Hal is gaining a knowledge of honor that will shape him into the King that he will become. However, itRead More Essay on Hotspur as Tragic Hero of Henry IV1322 Words   |  6 PagesTragic Hero of Henry IV       In Shakespeares Henry IV Part One, the characters many different conceptions of honor govern how they respond to situations.   Each characters conception of honor has a great impact on the characters standing after the play.   For instance, Falstaff survived because he dishonorably faked his own death, and his untrue claim that he was the one who killed Hotspur may get him a title and land.   On the other hand, Hotspur lies dead after losing a duel for honor.   HotspurRead MoreDelusions of Valor and the Repercussions on Conduct 1402 Words   |  6 PagesKing Henry IV shows no compunction for voicing his distaste of his son, Hal’s, actions while praising the valor displayed by Sir Henry Percy, commonly known as Hotspur. Given his debaucherous behavior and residence in the tavern, Hal has disappointed his father to the point where he has lost his Council seat to his younger brother and the devotion of a father to his firstborn, an admiration instead directed to Ho tspur for his military might. Expectations proved to be a force of delusion, as HotspurRead MoreAnalysis Of Henry Iv s The King Of The Throne 1373 Words   |  6 PagesHenry IV takes place in the very early 1400s and generally uses true historical events and characters throughout. While based on the history of England, it conveys its message and meaning through an often satirical and comical context, providing an enjoyable experience for the audience. Characters such as Falstaff and his fellow thieves keep the story unusually captivating and clever. Of the play’s many themes, loyalty, honor and relationship stand out as most important. These matters are highlyRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Shakespeares Henry V1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Shakespeares Henry V Foremost among the characters William Shakespeare develops in his series of historical plays is, undoubtedly, the character of Henry V. Henry, also at times referred to as Harry or Hal, develops through the course of four plays: Richard II, I Henry IV, II Henry IV, and Henry V. From the brief mention of Henry in Richard II to the full focus upon him in Henry V, a dramatic change clearly takes place: the playful carousing youth portrayed in the first playRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1097 Words   |  5 PagesFather Figures in 1 Henry IV In William Shakespeare’s 1 Henry IV, Falstaff and King Henry IV share father-figure relationships with Henry â€Å"Hal,† Prince of Wales. The former, a drunk and cavalier knight, acts as a surrogate father to the prince, while the latter, a determined and distanced monarch, is his blood. Yet, who is the better father-figure to Hal? Although Falstaff and Prince Henry share a strong, quasi father-son relationship, the former’s manifestation of the tavern atmosphere, venality

James Mckeen Cattell Contributions to Psychology free essay sample

After completing his doctorate, Cattell spent two years at Cambridge University, where he founded Englands first laboratory in experimental psychology. While at Cambridge, Cattell married Josephine Owen, who became a lifelong partner in his research and later in his editing and publishing duties. Also during his Cambridge years, Cattells father helped him to secure a faculty position at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught for two and a half years. It was during this time that Cattell coined the term mental testing to characterize his research (Sokal, 1987). Cattell then moved to Columbia University as head of its psychology department and taught there until his dismissal in 1917, a dismissal nominally caused by an anticonscription piece that he published during the first world war, but almost certainly fueled by long-standing antagonism between Cattell and Columbias president, Nicholas Murray Butler (Sokal, 1995). Cattells eminence in his day is clear; in 1901 Cattell was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences, although historian Michael M. Sokal suggests that this may have been due more to his resurrection of the journal Science than to his scientific research (Sokal, 1980). Cattell is known to psychologists familiar with the history of psychology in the United States not only for his experimental work on reaction time and mental testing but also as one of the founding figures of the APA in 1892 and as its fourth president (1896). Sokals numerous publications on Cattell have helped to elucidate his role for general, for Cattells influence extended far beyond the confines of psychology. Indeed, one scientific contemporary eulogized that Cattell did more than any other man of his generation to bring about the organization of science in America (Conklin, 1944, p. 154). Edward L. Thorndike similarly recalled that although Cattell had been the most likely candidate at the tum of the century for leadership in psychology, he chose to become both a leader and a servant, and of American science as a whole rather than of only psychology (Thorndike, 1944, p. 155). Cattell is best remembered for his lifelong services as an editor and publisher. He edited the first six editions of American Men of Science (now American Men and Women of Science), instituting and maintaining against increasing opposition its system of starring the 1,000 most eminent scientists (Sokal, 1995). Among the journals he published and edited were the Psychological Review (with James Mark Baldwin), The American Naturalist, School and Society, Popular Science Monthly, The Scientific Monthly, and his longest and most noteworthy venture, Science. He also helped to found the Archives of Psychology and the Journal of philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. Cattell maintained an active interest in psychology throughout his life, and was president of the International Congress of Psychology (1929) as well as one of the founding members, in 1921, of the Psychological Corporation, a business designed to promote applied psychology. As Thorndike put it, even while becoming a broader man of science, Cattell did not cease to be a psychologist . . . . but his leadership was in psychological affairs rather than in psychological thought and experimentation (Thorndike, 1944). Cattell and Science Cattell was central to the story of the AAAS from the turn of the century until his death. Sokal, Kohlstedt, and Lewenstein have detailed that story in an excellent recent publication (Sokal et al. , in press); we simply summarize some of the highlights of Cattells AAAS years, as gleaned from their research and our own. As already mentioned, the AAAS was at a critical moment in its history at the turn of the century, as its membership numbers stagnated and attendance at meetings fell off in the face of the rising number of specialist societies that competed for scientists closely guarded time and energy. It both had no official publication, and at the AAAS meeting in 1900, members began grumbling that they were not getting enough for their $3 in dues (Conklin, 1944, p. 153). The journal Science had been founded in 1880, privately published and kept afloat financially first through the generosity of Thomas Alva Edison and subsequently by Alexander Graham Bell and his father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard. Leaders of the scientific community in America perceived a need for a journal that would keep them abreast of developments across the various scientific fields and that would also promote the interests of science for the public. But the journal had a difficult time in the 1880s and early 1890s for various reasons (Kohlstedt, 1980). Of its first three editors, two were scientific amateurs who failed to gain the respect of scientific researchers. The journal varied in quality from issue to issue, and articles were often derivative of older published sources. The subscription list was never large enough to support the journal, so continuous external backing was needed, and patrons tended to offer more advice than editors wanted, leading to tensions and the resignation of the second editor. The journal finally sunk in 1894, its last issue published in March of that year (Kohlstedt, 1980). A number of members of the scientific community gathered at an AAAS meeting in that year and pledged their support to keeping the journal alive, even recommending that the AAAS provide it a subsidy if it were revived. One of the journals aims had always been to report on the activities of scientific societies, and the proceedings of the AAASs annual meetings had been a staple of Science since its founding, but as yet there was no official connection between the journal and the association. In the fall of 1894, Cattell purchased Science for financial reasons (Sokal et al. , in press). Of all of Sciences early editors, Cattell was without question its most scientifically established and respected. He was a faculty member and department chair at Columbia University, one of the leading research universities in the country, and he had a fine record of publication in the new experimental psychology. Earlier in 1894 he had started editing, with James Mark Baldwin, the Psychological Review. Cattell was already well-connected in the American scientific community, and he used his new position to strengthen and broaden his network. More than previous editors, he was able to draw on these ties to persuade eminent scientists to contribute articles and information to the journal; its first new issue in January of 1895, for example, featured a lead article by Harvard physicist Simon Newcomb, another by Daniel Coit Gilman, president of The Johns Hopkins University, as well as a number of other presidential addresses and papers by leading scientists (Conklin, 1944). Within the space of a few short years, Cattell transformed Science into a journal that people wanted to read in order to keep up with the latest advances and gossip in the various fields of science. His connections with a wide range of scientists nationally and internationally enabled Science to scoop other American periodicals on a number of exciting scientific developments of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, such as the discovery of X-rays, wireless telegraphy, new chemical elements, the rediscovery of the gene, and the Wright brothers early flights at Kitty Hawk (Sokal, 1980). In addition to regularly featured articles and presidential addresses, he established a regular Current Notes section that included information on recent developments in various scientific fields, he included regular reports of local scientific meetings and reviews of scientific journals, he encouraged discussion of the latest scientific controversies in a Correspondence section, and he added a Scientific Notes and News section that gave professional news of the AAAS members (Sokal et al. in press). The latter section, Sokal suggests, was of special interest to members at a time when the scientific community was relatively small (only about 5,000 scientists in the United States and only about 2,000 AAAS members), and many of its members knew each other. As we will describe below, Dael Wolfie would later find it necessary to transform this section in order to meet the changing needs of a membership whose numbers had exceeded any reasonable sense of the term community. Even while he wa s reviving Science and making it a commercially viable enterprise, Cattell sought to link his journal with the AAAS; he quickly arranged to receive the subsidy that had been recommended by the AAAS committee of 1894, and he subsequently worked with the Permanent Secretary (now called the Executive Officer) of the AAAS to make Science the official journal of the AAAS in 1900 (Sokal, 1980). All members of the AAAS would receive Science without an increase in their $3 dues; Cattell would take a slight loss because individual subscriptions to Science cost $5, but his subscription list grew, which appealed to advertisers. The official linkage worked to the advantage of both Science and the AAAS, even exceeding their hopes. After a number of years of stagnation, within a year membership in the AAAS had nearly doubled, and within the decade it had tripled, hitting 6,000 in 1909 (Sokal et al. in press). Members now felt that they were getting something for their dues, and Science, now the official journal of the largest broadbased scientific society in the United States, had an even greater opportunity than previously to attract the support of leaders of the scientific community and to become the central journal to represent the interests of all the sciences in America. Cattell had revitalized Science, and its union with the AAAS helped to breathe new life into that organization as it weathered the changes of an increasingly specialized scientific community. HelpingPsychology. com (2010) James McKeen Cattell: Noteworthy Psychologist. Retrieved on January 9, 2011 from http://helpingpsychology. com/? s=James+McKeen+Cattell Plucker, J. A. (Ed. ). (2007). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://www. indiana. edu/~intell