Taking a Look at Greece - 531 Words

Research Paper Greece Greece is a thriving country, but if it wasn’t for its beautiful islands, seas, and mountains, Greece would not be as strong of a country today. All these factors have helped Greece grow as a country. Throughout history, various mountains such as Mount Olympus and seas such as the Mediterranean have played an important role in the development of Greece history and culture. Greece is a country that is surrounded by mostly water, and the sea has played an important role in its history ( Ancient Greek Colonization..†). The ancient Greeks were often known to be called â€Å"seafarers† looking for opportunities for trade and founding new coastal sites along the Mediterranean sea. Trading stations were the furthest outposts of Greek culture. At these trading stations, Greek goods, such as bronze, silver, olive oil, wine and pottery were exchanged for more luxurious items (â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization..†). Also, well-established maritime routes around the Mediterranean sea enabled foreigners to travel to Greece. After the military campaign of Alexander the Great, a lot more intense trade routes were opened across Asia. These trade routes extended as far as Afghanistan and the Indus River Valley (â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization..†). Not only did these trade routes help with trading goods, it always helped in introducing Greece t o new cultures and in spreading Greek culture throughout Europe.The spread of these cultures can be known as cultural diffusionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Michael Lewiss Liar Poker 1467 Words   |  6 Pagesfascinating for those readers who rarely read the business pages or watch financial news channels. His familiarity with finance combined with a talent of a travel writer helps Mr. Lewis to give his readers a guided tour to the new third world: Iceland, Greece, Ireland, Germany, and California. At that time the book published these places have been declared bankrupt or put themselves in so much financial trouble that the bankruptcy was just around the corner. For example, Iceland, it has already defaultedRead MoreThe Future Of The Greek Economy1478 Words   |  6 PagesThese are strong words from a man who once oversaw the financial direction of the Greek economy. During July 2015 the German parliament opted to approve additional negotiations after recent failures, with it proving to be a move that may have granted Greece a slim lifeline. The new bailout is set to top â‚ ¬86 billion, but it is only being offered in exchange for strict austerity measures. Following his resignation, Mr Varoufakis said This programme is going to fail whoever undertakes its implementation†Read MoreGreek Mythology Of Ancient Greece1551 Words   |  7 Pagesmany wonders Ancient Greece had to offer. However, one of the most memorable creations of Ancient Greece would have to be Greek mythology. These myths included hundreds of stories and teachings that would have a lasting effect on Greek culture for centuries to come. When taking a deeper look into some of these myths, one may notice gender and sexual behavior to be themes that occur quite frequently. One also cannot help but notice that some social conditions in Ancient Greece, such as the importanceRead MoreThe Tension Between Germany And Greece1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe tension between Germany and Greece has been ongoing for years. Both countries continuously blame each other for issues that are going on within the EU. Germany views its self as the country that has worked hard and sacrificed a lot to become a successful country, but on the other hand there is Greece who is viewed as lazy and irresponsible which has landed them in debt. One of the biggest issues that Germany and Greece both have with each other is the European Union Debt crisis, and who is toRead MoreMourners on Greek Vases: Remarks on the Social History of Women680 Words   |  3 PagesIn Christine Mitchell Havelock’s article, Mourners on Greek Vases: Remarks on the Social History of Women, Havelock describes the role of women in ancient Greece as being secondary, oppressed, restricted, disregarded and without identity. The question regarding women’s role in art within this time period is one that is new to us. Only recently has our focus been drawn toward the female gender and their role within these works. With the use of ancient vases depicting funeral scenes as visual aidsRead MoreSociety Vs Ancient Greece Society1125 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greece was a polytheistic society with a varied life reflecting their beliefs, culture, and society and differed greatly from that of the modern world. They believed very strongly in Olympian Gods and had many worship habits. Those two things are what mostly made Ancient Greece. In modern day Greece, the area is about 51,000 square miles and islands make up about 20 percent of the total area. Mostly all islands are in mountain ranges. There are about 6000 islands in Greece but only 30 percentRead MoreTo Helen Edgar Allan Poe Analysis771 Words   |  4 PagesNicà ©an being the wood, â€Å"barks† meaning the ship. This can be backed up when line 3-5 talks of the sea, and shores. These Shores seem to be the shores of Greece, or maybe Rome. Lines 3-5 speak of some weary person returning for the shore they left from. Within this context, it seems that the sight of a ship returning amongst the beautiful horizon of Greece or Rome, after being gone a long time is pretty to Edgar Allan Poe. Line five says the word â€Å"bore.† Poe could be telling us that the boat was bearingRead MoreGreek Government s Debt Has Been Around Since 20101346 Words   |  6 PagesGreece government’s debt has been around since 2010. The countries surrounding Greece are now worried that it may affect them. The economy in Greece started getting worse after United Stated had its crisis in 2007. Since Greece entered the Eurozone changes in the economy, financial stability, and employment had caused Greece to go into more debt, but it could have been avoided if Greece would have not entered the Eurozone. There are several events that led to Greece being bankrupt, but for a betterRead MoreGreece : A Debt Of More Than 350 Billion Euros1515 Words   |  7 PagesRoad Ahead Greece has a debt of more than 350 Billion Euros or close to 175% of its GDP. Its annual interest obligation is close to 23 Billion Euros. Unemployment is more than 25% and its annual GDP is declining by 2% per year. Greece is clearly in a grave crisis situation which is extremely hard to overcome. On June 30th, it became the first developed country to default to make an IMF loan repayment. It is in an urgent need of funds to make another loan repayment to European Central Bank on 20thRead MoreCauses of the Greek liquidity crisis; how conditions were before the crisis Events that happened1600 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic support weakened –when Greece entered the euro zone in 2001 the convergence criteria which supposed to provide sound financial systems within the economy and the GSP were established to prevent financial and economic crises. Greece entered the euro zone without meeting the requirements of the convergence criteria, how this might have happened is due structural failures or a political failure of European leaders, this put Greece already at a disadvantage plus Greece was already in debt so this

Improving Society Through Individuals Essay - 876 Words

Improving Society Through Individuals Starting in the late seventeen hundreds and continuing into the nineteenth century, England underwent a period of industrialization and urbanization, referred to as the Industrial Revolution. During this time, life became more difficult for a large majority of the citizens and hardships began to pile one on top of another. In the book Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, the lives and relationships of a range of people from this time are illustrated in order to demonstrate the nature of this society. Dickens uses the fictitious characters in Hard Times as examples of the varying degrees of inequality and misfortune, as well as the personifications of different schools of thought during the nineteenth†¦show more content†¦However, he is eventually humbled by the fact that his most prominent students essentially destroy him through their own faults. He is left to â€Å"mistrust [himself]† and the ideals which he so fervently advocated (Dickens, 221). Another example is his allusion to the upper class being relatively apathetic. Mr. Harthouse exemplifies this assertion. He spends his life moving, never really committing his whole mind or heart to one pursuit. Whenever he gets bored or unhappy, he leaves or â€Å"[goes] in† for something else (Dickens, 129). Mrs. Sparsit is another testimony to this assumption. It is merely for her being â€Å"a born lady† that she is treated with the respect with which she is treated (Dickens, 78). She does practically no work and yet enjoys all of the luxuries that could possibly be bestowed upon her. Bounderby likewise enjoys the respect of the entire town because of his high position. They both fail to recognize, or rather do not care to recognize the struggles and hardships of others. Dickens portrays his perception of the industrialization through the lives of the working class and much of the scenic descriptions in the book. Stephen Blackpool’s predicament involving his fellow â€Å"Hands† and the union, shows the way in which working class people have very little choice about their moral decisions if they should hope to keep their jobs andShow MoreRelatedTraditional vs Modern Society958 Words   |  4 Pagesmember of a traditional society would feel as though there are many advantages of his or her type of society as opposed to modern society. A member of a traditional society would feel as though modern society has quite a few flaws. Traditional society focuses more towards the improvement of society as a whole rather than focusing on self and personal gain. There are many comparisons between the two societies that can be made that show the differences in beliefs held by each society. By comparing the economiesRead MoreThe Arts Administration I s Also Known As Arts Management1593 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance and attitude towards the arts vary within different cultures within society some question the relevance while some are either unaware that their medium of entertainment is an art form or chooses to ignore the subject. Questioning the relevance of art in modern society simultaneously enquiries the importance of arts administration and organisations. Creativity can be fostered within an arts organisation through providing attention to the artist and allowing them to have creative freedom.Read MoreBritish Welfare Reforms Between 1880-1914 Essays896 Words   |  4 Pagesthat gave a larger majority a voice as to who ran the country but not as to what actually happened. The governments felt that they were improving conditions by introducing minor reforms however conditions had barely changed. Any reforms that involved the general public had to fight against a general anti interventionist society. Since the role of the individual had been a large part of life for many it was difficult to accept anything else. It was not until the turn of the century with the emergenceRead MoreEssay about Greatness of Lyndon B. Johnson1162 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatness through their leadership. Each has shown this in their individual way. It takes the ability to deal with whatever may come up, as far as politics are concerned, and handle it with care. Also it takes making a difference in society instead of just settling for the United States being ok as it is. The extra step that some take, separates the normal from the great. Lyndon B. Johnson was one of the Presidents who stood out by taking the extra step. LBJ showed presidential greatness through passingRead MoreCollaboration Between The Illinois Community College Board And The Division Of Humans Capital Development1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe study aims to show the collaboration between the Illinois Community College Board and the Division of Humans c apital development to improve adult literacy in the State of Illinois. In 2008, the two agencies entered an agreement with the aim of improving the literacy levels in the State and the objective of the agreement was to improve social literacy among the adults (Charles Horwarth, 2009). The project was to be implemented under the guardianship of the Illinois community College Board (ICCB)Read MoreSocial Justice And Its Impact On Human Development1731 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Oxford Dictionary, Social Justice is â€Å"justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society†. Simply put, it is the collective group of ideas and institutions that aim to achieve the most equitable form of society, with the main goal of these institutions being positive human development. The ideas and institutions that, theoretically, are meant to contribute toward social justice include health care, human rights in the workforce, education,Read More Entry#7 Review of Network Film Network is a film by Paddy Chayefsky. It’s a fictional work based on600 Words   |  3 Pagesstruggles of television network with poor ratings. Satires use sarcasm and irony to communicate to the society. Satirical movies or radio programmers’ are used (Coppola 57) to ridicule religion, politics and economic activities. Satires are intended to expose problems caused by cultural practices and its contradictions. Satire is applied to shame the government, individuals or society towards improving the social criticism. Satires provide keen insight into society’s power structure and the way it isRead MoreImportance Of Community Development Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesquantitative changes in the economy which involves development in multiple areas including development of human capital, social infrastructures, safety, literacy and other aspect of the economy. Community development is a way of strengthening civil society by prioritizing the actions of communities and their perspectives in the development of social, economic and environmental policies. Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective actions and generate solutionsRead MoreGenetic Research Is Destroying Humanity1260 Words   |  6 PagesIs genetic research the breakthrough to improving our lives, or the beginning of the end of humanity as we know it? This has been the debate since the mid-nineteenth century when the science of genetics as well as humanities’ desire to use this science to their advantage, began. Since that time genetic research has resulted in advancements in science and medicine, but yet the controversy remains. Many believe that the act of genetic research is improving lives’, while others think the exact oppositeRead MoreCommunication As A Important Tool1026 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a very crucial element in the society and should be treated with the weight it deserves. Everybody should be able to pass his or her information clearly, accurately and also appropriately so as to avoid cases of misunderstanding or ambiguity. Increasing gram matical accuracy can only enhance fluency in communication. Of all the different skills, it is arguably correct that speaking ability is one of the hardest ones and we should hence come up with ways of sharpening this skill. Many

Essay on Honor in Henry IV - 1078 Words

Honour in Henry IV Honor is one of those concepts that is seldom defined. One’s reputation is based on his or her honor, integrity, honesty, and purity. William Shakespeare’s Henry IV is a one of his many plays that deal with the varying ideas of honor, as well as issues of courage, loyalty, and ambition, interposing examples of dishonor, weakness, and the deceitful plots among both the drunkards and noblemen. Shakespeare utilizes suggestive metaphors to create illusions, imagery, and to reinforce the different views of the major issues people were faced with in his time and in ours. His plays often focus on the imagery, either on some obvious important symbol, or some image pattern that recurs throughout the work. Readers are†¦show more content†¦King Henry IV must also contend with his son, Prince Hal, who’s not the honorable prince he had hoped him to be. He feels it is â€Å"an honorable spoil† not to have â€Å"a son who is the theme of hono r’s tongue,† when he learns of Northumberland’s son Hotspur’s victories, which, should be â€Å"a conquest for a prince to boast of† (1.1.74,80, 76). Pangs of jealousy strike Henry’s heart caused by the differences between his son and Northumberland’s. So much so, he wishes â€Å"it could be proved that† someone, or something, â€Å"had exchanged in cradle clothes, their sons at birth† (1.1.85-87). Act one, scene one, stresses the motif of honor in war, in characters, and, most importantly, in offspring. However, while Henry sees â€Å"riot and dishonor† in his son, Hal sees a father who has stolen his title by disgracing a king (1.1.84). Shakespeare wouldn’t dream of imposing his personal beliefs of who is honorable or who is dishonorable for the simple fact that it is obvious honor is perceived differently by each individual, as in each character’s perception and the imagery that surrounds that character. As Hal tries to discover the true meaning of honor, readers take the journey along with him. Hal realizes that honor is ambiguous when utilized to plead for emotional retort, yet leaves no margin for error when used as personal description, â€Å"Yet herein will I imitate theShow MoreRelatedHonor in Henry IV, Part One Essay2363 Words   |  10 PagesHonor in Henry IV, Part One  Ã‚      In Henry IV, Part One Shakespeare revels in the opportunity to suggest the idiosyncracy of character through his command of a wide range of both verse and prose. As a result the play is full of rich and different character parts (Wells 141). Two in particular, Falstaff and Hotspur, hold diverse beliefs concerning the main theme of the drama, honor. In Shakespeare’s time, honor was defined as the special virtues which distinguish those of the nobility in theRead MoreThe Concept of Honor in Henry IV, Part One Essay2355 Words   |  10 PagesShakespeare’s talent as both a writer and a poet lead to his gift for character development, down to the last detail. Henry IV, Part One contains a variety of deep characters, two of which play key roles in the evolution of the concept of honor in the play. Falstaff and Hotspur symbolize opposing viewpoints concerning the main theme of the play – honor. At the time the play was written, honor was defined as â€Å"the special v irtues which distinguish those of the nobility in the exercise of their vocation–gallantryRead MoreHonor in Henry Iv, Part I Ââ€" Falstaff vs. Hotspur1572 Words   |  7 PagesHonor In Henry IV, Part I Ââ€" Falstaff vs. Hotspur According to F. Scott Fitzgerald, The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function. Indeed, very few people have this quality, the playwright William Shakespeare being one of them. In many of his plays, Henry IV, Part One among them, Shakespeare juxtaposes different worldviews, ideologies, and even environments. His characters usually provide aRead MoreEssay on Comparing the Defective Rulers in Henry IV and Richard II836 Words   |  4 PagesDefective Rulers in Henry IV and Richard II      Ã‚   It has been shown again and again throughout history and literature that if there is a perfect human he is not also the perfect ruler.   Those traits which we hold as good, such as the following of some sort of moral code, interfere with the necessity of detachment in a ruler.   In both Henry IV and Richard II, Shakespeare explores what properties must be present in a good ruler.   Those who are imperfect morally, who take into account only self-interestRead MoreEssay on Honor in Prince Hal1001 Words   |  5 PagesHonor in Prince Hal Prince Hal’s destiny is shaped for him by many forces: his association with the neer-do-well Falstaff, the expectations of his father, King Henry IV, and the constant comparison between himself and Hotspur. All three of these forces create in Hal a sense of honor that is an integral part of his education as the ideal king, and throughout the action of Henry IV, Part I, Hal is gaining a knowledge of honor that will shape him into the King that he will become. However, itRead More Essay on Hotspur as Tragic Hero of Henry IV1322 Words   |  6 PagesTragic Hero of Henry IV       In Shakespeares Henry IV Part One, the characters many different conceptions of honor govern how they respond to situations.   Each characters conception of honor has a great impact on the characters standing after the play.   For instance, Falstaff survived because he dishonorably faked his own death, and his untrue claim that he was the one who killed Hotspur may get him a title and land.   On the other hand, Hotspur lies dead after losing a duel for honor.   HotspurRead MoreDelusions of Valor and the Repercussions on Conduct 1402 Words   |  6 PagesKing Henry IV shows no compunction for voicing his distaste of his son, Hal’s, actions while praising the valor displayed by Sir Henry Percy, commonly known as Hotspur. Given his debaucherous behavior and residence in the tavern, Hal has disappointed his father to the point where he has lost his Council seat to his younger brother and the devotion of a father to his firstborn, an admiration instead directed to Ho tspur for his military might. Expectations proved to be a force of delusion, as HotspurRead MoreAnalysis Of Henry Iv s The King Of The Throne 1373 Words   |  6 PagesHenry IV takes place in the very early 1400s and generally uses true historical events and characters throughout. While based on the history of England, it conveys its message and meaning through an often satirical and comical context, providing an enjoyable experience for the audience. Characters such as Falstaff and his fellow thieves keep the story unusually captivating and clever. Of the play’s many themes, loyalty, honor and relationship stand out as most important. These matters are highlyRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Shakespeares Henry V1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Shakespeares Henry V Foremost among the characters William Shakespeare develops in his series of historical plays is, undoubtedly, the character of Henry V. Henry, also at times referred to as Harry or Hal, develops through the course of four plays: Richard II, I Henry IV, II Henry IV, and Henry V. From the brief mention of Henry in Richard II to the full focus upon him in Henry V, a dramatic change clearly takes place: the playful carousing youth portrayed in the first playRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1097 Words   |  5 PagesFather Figures in 1 Henry IV In William Shakespeare’s 1 Henry IV, Falstaff and King Henry IV share father-figure relationships with Henry â€Å"Hal,† Prince of Wales. The former, a drunk and cavalier knight, acts as a surrogate father to the prince, while the latter, a determined and distanced monarch, is his blood. Yet, who is the better father-figure to Hal? Although Falstaff and Prince Henry share a strong, quasi father-son relationship, the former’s manifestation of the tavern atmosphere, venality

James Mckeen Cattell Contributions to Psychology free essay sample

After completing his doctorate, Cattell spent two years at Cambridge University, where he founded Englands first laboratory in experimental psychology. While at Cambridge, Cattell married Josephine Owen, who became a lifelong partner in his research and later in his editing and publishing duties. Also during his Cambridge years, Cattells father helped him to secure a faculty position at the University of Pennsylvania, where he taught for two and a half years. It was during this time that Cattell coined the term mental testing to characterize his research (Sokal, 1987). Cattell then moved to Columbia University as head of its psychology department and taught there until his dismissal in 1917, a dismissal nominally caused by an anticonscription piece that he published during the first world war, but almost certainly fueled by long-standing antagonism between Cattell and Columbias president, Nicholas Murray Butler (Sokal, 1995). Cattells eminence in his day is clear; in 1901 Cattell was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences, although historian Michael M. Sokal suggests that this may have been due more to his resurrection of the journal Science than to his scientific research (Sokal, 1980). Cattell is known to psychologists familiar with the history of psychology in the United States not only for his experimental work on reaction time and mental testing but also as one of the founding figures of the APA in 1892 and as its fourth president (1896). Sokals numerous publications on Cattell have helped to elucidate his role for general, for Cattells influence extended far beyond the confines of psychology. Indeed, one scientific contemporary eulogized that Cattell did more than any other man of his generation to bring about the organization of science in America (Conklin, 1944, p. 154). Edward L. Thorndike similarly recalled that although Cattell had been the most likely candidate at the tum of the century for leadership in psychology, he chose to become both a leader and a servant, and of American science as a whole rather than of only psychology (Thorndike, 1944, p. 155). Cattell is best remembered for his lifelong services as an editor and publisher. He edited the first six editions of American Men of Science (now American Men and Women of Science), instituting and maintaining against increasing opposition its system of starring the 1,000 most eminent scientists (Sokal, 1995). Among the journals he published and edited were the Psychological Review (with James Mark Baldwin), The American Naturalist, School and Society, Popular Science Monthly, The Scientific Monthly, and his longest and most noteworthy venture, Science. He also helped to found the Archives of Psychology and the Journal of philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. Cattell maintained an active interest in psychology throughout his life, and was president of the International Congress of Psychology (1929) as well as one of the founding members, in 1921, of the Psychological Corporation, a business designed to promote applied psychology. As Thorndike put it, even while becoming a broader man of science, Cattell did not cease to be a psychologist . . . . but his leadership was in psychological affairs rather than in psychological thought and experimentation (Thorndike, 1944). Cattell and Science Cattell was central to the story of the AAAS from the turn of the century until his death. Sokal, Kohlstedt, and Lewenstein have detailed that story in an excellent recent publication (Sokal et al. , in press); we simply summarize some of the highlights of Cattells AAAS years, as gleaned from their research and our own. As already mentioned, the AAAS was at a critical moment in its history at the turn of the century, as its membership numbers stagnated and attendance at meetings fell off in the face of the rising number of specialist societies that competed for scientists closely guarded time and energy. It both had no official publication, and at the AAAS meeting in 1900, members began grumbling that they were not getting enough for their $3 in dues (Conklin, 1944, p. 153). The journal Science had been founded in 1880, privately published and kept afloat financially first through the generosity of Thomas Alva Edison and subsequently by Alexander Graham Bell and his father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard. Leaders of the scientific community in America perceived a need for a journal that would keep them abreast of developments across the various scientific fields and that would also promote the interests of science for the public. But the journal had a difficult time in the 1880s and early 1890s for various reasons (Kohlstedt, 1980). Of its first three editors, two were scientific amateurs who failed to gain the respect of scientific researchers. The journal varied in quality from issue to issue, and articles were often derivative of older published sources. The subscription list was never large enough to support the journal, so continuous external backing was needed, and patrons tended to offer more advice than editors wanted, leading to tensions and the resignation of the second editor. The journal finally sunk in 1894, its last issue published in March of that year (Kohlstedt, 1980). A number of members of the scientific community gathered at an AAAS meeting in that year and pledged their support to keeping the journal alive, even recommending that the AAAS provide it a subsidy if it were revived. One of the journals aims had always been to report on the activities of scientific societies, and the proceedings of the AAASs annual meetings had been a staple of Science since its founding, but as yet there was no official connection between the journal and the association. In the fall of 1894, Cattell purchased Science for financial reasons (Sokal et al. , in press). Of all of Sciences early editors, Cattell was without question its most scientifically established and respected. He was a faculty member and department chair at Columbia University, one of the leading research universities in the country, and he had a fine record of publication in the new experimental psychology. Earlier in 1894 he had started editing, with James Mark Baldwin, the Psychological Review. Cattell was already well-connected in the American scientific community, and he used his new position to strengthen and broaden his network. More than previous editors, he was able to draw on these ties to persuade eminent scientists to contribute articles and information to the journal; its first new issue in January of 1895, for example, featured a lead article by Harvard physicist Simon Newcomb, another by Daniel Coit Gilman, president of The Johns Hopkins University, as well as a number of other presidential addresses and papers by leading scientists (Conklin, 1944). Within the space of a few short years, Cattell transformed Science into a journal that people wanted to read in order to keep up with the latest advances and gossip in the various fields of science. His connections with a wide range of scientists nationally and internationally enabled Science to scoop other American periodicals on a number of exciting scientific developments of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, such as the discovery of X-rays, wireless telegraphy, new chemical elements, the rediscovery of the gene, and the Wright brothers early flights at Kitty Hawk (Sokal, 1980). In addition to regularly featured articles and presidential addresses, he established a regular Current Notes section that included information on recent developments in various scientific fields, he included regular reports of local scientific meetings and reviews of scientific journals, he encouraged discussion of the latest scientific controversies in a Correspondence section, and he added a Scientific Notes and News section that gave professional news of the AAAS members (Sokal et al. in press). The latter section, Sokal suggests, was of special interest to members at a time when the scientific community was relatively small (only about 5,000 scientists in the United States and only about 2,000 AAAS members), and many of its members knew each other. As we will describe below, Dael Wolfie would later find it necessary to transform this section in order to meet the changing needs of a membership whose numbers had exceeded any reasonable sense of the term community. Even while he wa s reviving Science and making it a commercially viable enterprise, Cattell sought to link his journal with the AAAS; he quickly arranged to receive the subsidy that had been recommended by the AAAS committee of 1894, and he subsequently worked with the Permanent Secretary (now called the Executive Officer) of the AAAS to make Science the official journal of the AAAS in 1900 (Sokal, 1980). All members of the AAAS would receive Science without an increase in their $3 dues; Cattell would take a slight loss because individual subscriptions to Science cost $5, but his subscription list grew, which appealed to advertisers. The official linkage worked to the advantage of both Science and the AAAS, even exceeding their hopes. After a number of years of stagnation, within a year membership in the AAAS had nearly doubled, and within the decade it had tripled, hitting 6,000 in 1909 (Sokal et al. in press). Members now felt that they were getting something for their dues, and Science, now the official journal of the largest broadbased scientific society in the United States, had an even greater opportunity than previously to attract the support of leaders of the scientific community and to become the central journal to represent the interests of all the sciences in America. Cattell had revitalized Science, and its union with the AAAS helped to breathe new life into that organization as it weathered the changes of an increasingly specialized scientific community. HelpingPsychology. com (2010) James McKeen Cattell: Noteworthy Psychologist. Retrieved on January 9, 2011 from http://helpingpsychology. com/? s=James+McKeen+Cattell Plucker, J. A. (Ed. ). (2007). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://www. indiana. edu/~intell

World History to 1500 Essay Example

World History to 1500 Essay According to Bentley-Ziegler (2007), archeological discoveries of the bones and tools of the human ancestors dated five (5) million years ago gave light on the evolution of human species. The first group of specie is the hominid: includes Australopithecus, Australopithecines and Homo erectus. Then, it was followed by the Homo sapiens. (p. 14-15) The first was the Australopithecus, which means southern ape but they were not ape but a hominid belonging to the family of Hominidae – human and humanlike species. Archaeologist described them as short, hairy, and had limited intelligence. They were approximately three (3) feet tall, about 25 to 55 kilograms, and of about 500 cubic centimeters brain size. Famous of this group was Lucy, a woman who died 3.5 million years ago and was excavated 40% of her body last 1974. (Bentley-Ziegler, 2007, p. 15) The second was the Australopithecines, described as sophisticated species, walked upright on two legs, with strong hands used to handle tools and perform tasks, and had learned limitedly to express their self verbally. They traveled a lot in search of stones that they could style and use for food preparation: choppers and scrapers. About one (1) million years ago, this group disappeared and was replaced by new hominid specie – the Homo erectus. (p.15) We will write a custom essay sample on World History to 1500 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on World History to 1500 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on World History to 1500 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Homo erectus, upright walking man, had a more developed brain which measured of about 1,000 cc average capacity. This group lasted from about two (2) million to 200,000 years ago. Aside from the Australopithecines tools, Homo erectus also used cleavers and hand axes which were also useful against predators. The invention of fire could also be regarded to this group which enabled them to eat cooked foods and defend their selves. Dangerous animals’ bones found within their sites showed their team work, cooperation and skills in hunting these animals, made possible by their intelligence and language skills. (pp. 16-17) Then, the Homo sapiens, consciously thinking human, replaced the previous group of specie. This group possessed the largest brain size compared to the previous groups and was nearly the size of the modern human brains. This could be the reason of their remarkable intelligence that helped them to adapt in the changing environment. They made clothes out of animal skin and build shelters to protect them from the cold climate. By one hundred thousand years ago, they disseminated throughout Africa, Europe and Asia where they also met the other Homo erectus. By about, fifteen thousand years ago, they were already scattered in all regions of the world. Archeologist excavated new tolls used by the Homo sapiens: knives, spears, bows and arrow. Like the Homo erectus, Homo sapiens protected themselves with animal skins and fire against the cold climate. They also learned languages to express their selves to others. Because of language, tools and superior intelligence, they were united to exploi t the natural resources in order to survive. As a result, large mammals became extinct: mammoths, woolly rhinoceros, giant kangaroos, mastodons, and horses. (p. 18) Paleolithic era, old stone age, is the longest human experience on earth ranging from the beginning of the first hominid until Homo sapiens started to rely on agriculture – about four million years ago up to twelve thousand years ago. During this age, people lived through hunting and gathering, an economy that prevents individual accumulation of wealth. Individuals those days only own their weapons and tools that will be used in stalking a particular large animal. When it comes to social distinctions, some people stand out because of their age, strength, courage, intelligence, fertility, or some other trait. Not only were they equal in the community but also between sexes. Men grouped themselves in search of a large animal to hunt while women and children gathered plants, roots, nuts, fruits and other possible foods. It was also recommended to maintain little number of children in the family so that as a community they would have enough food and so that they could move from on e place to another easily. The Natulian society in the eastern Mediterranean, now Israel and Lebanon; Jomon society in central Japan; and Chinook society in Pacific northwest region of North America, including the modern states of Oregon, Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia; are the prominent Paleolithic settlements and societies. (Pp.20-22) Next is the Neolithic era, lasted for about twelve thousand to six thousand years ago, and called new Stone Age, since archaeologist excavated polished stones in the agricultural Neolithic sites. One of the significant discoveries in this era is agriculture, wherein people learned to cultivate plants and not just gather them and also learned to domesticate animals. First of the prominent Neolithic sites that showed early agricultural activities during 9000 BCE is southwest Asia, nowadays Iraq, Syria and Turkey. They planted wheat and barley, while domesticating animals: sheep, goats, pigs and cattle. Then about 9000 to 7000, Africans in southeastern portion of Sahara desert, nowadays Sudan, also domesticated cattle, sheep and goats while planting sorghum. Then around 8000 to 6000 BCE, sub-Saharan West Africa, in nowadays Nigeria, also cultivated yam, okra, and black-eyed peas. Then in 6500 BCE East Asian residents in Yangzi River started planting rice and in 5500 BCE nearby community in Yellow River Valley also started cultivating millet and soybeans. These East Asian communities also domesticated pigs, chickens and later on added water buffalos. Southeast Asians in 3000 BCE also cultivated taro, yams, coconut, breadfruit, bananas and citrus fruits: oranges, lime, lemons and tangerine. Residents in Mesoamerica, now Central Mexico, also planted maize (corn), beans, pepper, squash and tomatoes at around 4000 BCE. Lastly, resident in central Andean region in South America, now modern Peru, also cultivated potatoes and later included maize and beans to their diets. Certain possibilities were also seen by archaeologists that early residents in the Amazon River Valley also planted manioc, potatoes and peanuts.   (pp. 26-27) Specialization in labor during Neolithic times was also observed and the three early craft industries were proof: pottery, metallurgy and textile production. Neolithic societies improved the early inventions of the previous group of people. For example, at about 10,000 BCE the Jomon society in Japan produced the first pottery in the world and also the first of the craft industries. Later on, Neolithic craftsmen learned the techniques on improving pottery and as a result this became their mode of expression and utensils for cooking and storage. Another craft industry that boomed during this era is the metallurgy, wherein copper was the first metal that they experimented on. By hammering metal, the villagers were able to make jewelries and simple tools. By about 5000 BCE, craftsmen had learned that high temperature will help them mold the copper easily. They also discovered technologies such as smelting and casting copper and as result they had made decorative and jewelry items; and to ols like knives, axes, hoes and weapons.   In the long run, they also specialized in other forms of metals: gold, bronze, iron, and other metals. The third craft industry in Neolithic era was textile production. The invention of textile might be regarded to the efforts of women who spun thread and wove fabrics while taking care of their children. These crafts were later on trade for other significant items. (pp.31 – 32) After the discovery of agriculture, people stop being nomads and inhabit permanent residences resulted in population increase. The development of labor specialization generated jobs to the society and enabled them to acquire wealth and private property. (p. 32) Of all these Neolithic societies, the most prominent is Jericho, a place with freshwater oasis located in present day Israel. Jericho had a large population of around two thousand residents. The walls that surrounded Jericho showed that they protected their village from invaders that were interested to their wealth. (p. 30) When it comes to urban societies, the earliest is Mesopotamia, located in southwest Asia, which flourished during early fourth millennium BCE. The word Mesopotamia comes from the Greek word which means the land between the rivers – referring to the Tigris and Euphrates River that brought fertility to the land. Mesopotamia also had organized states and political authorities that maintained the peace and order in the whole settlement. It encouraged specialization in labor which also resulted in high quality goods that fueled the trade. (pp. 39-40) Sumerians are the most numbered in Mesopotamia. Sumerians constructed artificial irrigation that gave them abundant harvest. This also led to the increase of their population. By, around 3000 BCE, their population was already one hundred thousand. The increasing wealth of Sumer also attracted other groups of people that intermarry with them: Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew and Phoenician. The Sumerians also built the first cities in the world. These cities became the hub for political, military, economic and cultural activities. Some of the Sumerian cities were Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Legash, Nippur, Kish and the others. Later on these cities were called city-states wherein they extended their influence and authority to the outside of their territories. Because of becoming economically stable, Sumer became prone to invasions and so they established military forces and built walls – amazing walls were mentioned in the epic of Gilgamesh. Sumerians also invented cuneiform, the earliest form o f writing, which was a combination of pictographs and symbols. The epic of Gilgamesh is one of Mesopotamian legends and myths but is also historically based. According to historical accounts, Gilgamesh became the fifth king of the City of Ur for about 126 years. He was also known as the legendary Mesopotamian hero. According to the legend, he was the son of a goddess and a king; he was two thirds divine and one third human. He was favored by the gods with a perfect body and superhuman strengths. It also accounted that Gilgamesh ordered construction of Ur’s huge walls and temples for the city’s deities. Gilgamesh lived with heroic deeds but his friend Endiku, who was always with him in almost all the adventures, had offended the gods and this affected Gilgamesh, who also cheated in having eternal life but the gods did not allow it teaching him that all human beings are fated to die. The overall theme of the epic is friendship, loyalty, ambition and fear of death. (pp. 39 and 49) One successful invader of Sumer was the Akkadians through the leadership of Sargon (2370 – 2315 BCE). Sargon was described as a talented administrator and a brilliant warrior. He was even equated to more than five (5) Akkadians. He established an army and arrange coup against the king of the city-states of Sumer, with great intention to accumulate Mesopotamia’s wealth. He later on took control on the trade routes and supply of natural resources: silver, tin and cedar wood. He was able to transform his land Akkad into wealthiest and most powerful city in the world. However at around 2150 BCE his empire was put to end but his leadership and style remained an example to the next invaders.   (pp. 43-44) One of the successful invaders after Sargon of Akkad was Hammurabi of Babylonia. Babylonian Empire occupied and invaded Mesopotamia until 1600 BCE. He focused his leadership to bureaucracy and taxation. He had efficient and predictable form of government – distributing the accumulated funds from taxes evenly to the people.   He was well known for his law code – Hammurabi’s Code that evolved from the complete and general Mesopotamian law code. This code relied on Lex tallionis, the law of retaliation, wherein a criminal was judged similar to the violation – an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Though, the law code also recognized social standing. For example, if a noble person broke a bone of a fellow noble person; his bone will also be broke. But if a noble person broke a commoner’s bone he will just pay fine. Some of the unforgiving violations were punished with death sentence: murder, theft, fraud, and false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery and incest. Moreover, Hammurabi even added that he was god-chosen to uphold the wellbeing of the people. (p. 45) Because of the stabilized economy of the Babylonian Empire, this once again attracted invaders. The Hittites, established empire from Anatolia, collapsed the Babylonian Empire. But southwest Asia remained in chaos because different empire competed to have Mesopotamia. (p. 46) At around nineteenth century BCE, the Assyrian empire succeeded on establishing their empire in the Tigris River Valley. Assyrians were known as strong individuals and powerful army. They also had prosperous cities at Assur and Nineveh. Assyrians are also known for their horse-drawn chariots that they borrowed from the Hittites. These chariots allowed their feet on a platform and enabled them to move while attacking their enemies with iron weapons. They had a large number of troops that even reached up to fifty thousand persons. Their form of government was patterned to the administrative techniques from the Babylonians. (pp.46 – 47) Then in 600 BCE, the Chaldean empire, popularly known as the new Babylonian Empire, overthrew the Assyrian empire. King Nebuchadnezzar led the new empire bountifully. They had very thick walls – even four horse chariots can turn around – and had occupied 850 hectares of land. One of his popular works is the hanging gardens of Babylon, dedicated to one of his wives, which showed the city’s extravagance wherein Nebuchadnezzar planted in the terraces above the city walls. (p. 47) On the other hand, Mesopotamia also had early influences like to the Hebrews. Hebrews, ancient speakers of Hebrew language and settlers of Palestine were pastoral nomads who also settled in Mesopotamia during its prosperous years. According to the Old Testament of the Bible, Hebrew Scriptures, Abraham was from the Sumerian City of Ur. The Bible also told about the story of a great flood that destroyed the early human society. This had similarities with the flood stories in the Sumerian society; one was even mentioned in the epic of Gilgamesh. These Hebrews were organized into 12 tribes and were known as the Israelites. Early Hebrews worshipped the Mesopotamian gods but Moses taught them of a one God known as Yahweh. Colorful preserved stories of the Hebrews could be read in the Old Testament of the Bible. (pp. 54-55) Another group of people are the Phoenicians, located between the Mediterranean Sea and the mountain of Lebanon. There are major cities of Phoenicia that were considered to be influential in other societies: Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Byblos. Phoenicians were known for their best ships of their time and for their invention of alphabet twenty two (22) consonants which was later on modified by the Greeks by adding five (5) vowels. Phoenicians also excelled in commerce and trade. (pp. 57 – 58) Other group of people that became influential to the Mesopotamians and other societies were the speakers of Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Old Persian, Greek, Latin, Hindi, and Farsi. Scholars and linguists noticed that these languages had almost similar vocabularies and grammatical structure. The only explanation the scholars gave was that ancestors of these speakers came from a similar region. It was identified that they came from modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, a region near Black Sea and Caspian Sea. During 3000 BCE, Indo-European started to scatter to different places with their horses and other animals. (pp. 60 – 62) Source: Bentley-Ziegler. Traditions Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, 4th Edition, Volume 1.Hightstown, NJ USA: McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Publishing, 2007. pp. 13 63

My Small Thoughts in This Huge essays

My Small Thoughts in This Huge essays A year ago I was sitting in an Environmental Science AP class preparing for an assignment that was quite similar to the Personal Environmental Audit. Instead of writing down what we used and threw away, we carried trash bags with us for a week. Putting inside it everything that was a waste product of what we used. We did record what we ate for a period of time as well, we just did it for a weeks time. Since these projects were more thorough, they created even stronger thoughts of how I felt about the environmental issues dealing with the actually quite not-so-common man. After completing them, I felt that the world as a whole has a big problem and it wont be able to be fixed by a few environmentalists in each country. When lugging around a pile of paper, plastics and metals, it is hard not to think of how much energy was put into making all of the objects in my bag come into existence. Now that energy is gone and forever lost as a usable energy source in the form of heat. The same is with all of the stuff I brought with me to spend its usable life with me here at college. These are things that will eventually run its due and be buried under land some day. All of these thoughts lead to one dominating thought in my mind, If ninety-percent of our energy use is from non renewable sources, then what will we do when these sources run out?. As a person who uses a significant amount of more land than what is available per person, it is still tough to imagine what affect you are having on the world. Everyday we have the opportunity to use and consume many things that we think were so easy to come. These computers we all type our papers on, they are made of precious metals and we just think that we could get a computer any time we want. It amazes me when I think about it how we think as well, how when we throw away something we never think, oh well there is one less of that in the world now&q...

The Fashion Channel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Fashion Channel - Case Study Example The essay "The Fashion Channel Case" concerns The Channel and Fashion. Encouraged from the success of TFC, networks like Lifetime and CNN have begun to add fashion-related programs to their line-ups. Some recent market surveys indicate that Lifetime and CNN perform better than TFC in terms of customer satisfaction, awareness, and perceived value. According to a recently published Alpha research on customer satisfaction with cable networks, TFC achieved a rating of 3.8 (on a scale of 1 to 5) on customer satisfaction whereas CNN scored 4.3 and Lifetime gained 4.5. In terms of awareness, CNN achieved 4.6 and Lifetime a 4.5 while the TFC’s rating was 4.1. In case of perceived value, the scores of TFC, CNN, and Lifetime were respectively 3.7, 4.1, and 4.4. Evidently, TFC’s declining performance adversely affected their two major sources of revenues- advertising revenues and cable affiliate fees. In order to strengthen the TFC’s market position and to improve its compe titiveness, the organization is currently planning some strategy changes. TFC is mainly thinking of increasing the price for a unit of advertising so as to improve its financial stability. In order to increase or hold the advertisement price, it is essential for the organization to make its network’s content appealing to a critical mass of viewers who in turn would attract advertisers. In order to address this market condition, Dana Wheeler, senior vice president of marketing, has framed three alternative solutions.